1. 古希腊人很看不起外地人，说外地人讲话是 *barbar-，这是一个拟声词根，模拟小孩咿呀学语时口齿不清的声音、发音，由此表示“说话像孩子那样口齿不清”，现在演化为 barbarous "未开化的"、barbarian "野蛮人，就像咱们称呼未开化的外族人为：蛮人、夷人、胡人等"。汉语说“巴拉巴拉”时，也是一种拟声、也是一种贬义，这时英语用 blah-blah，这与汉语的拟声完全一样。
2. from PIE root *barbar- echoic of unintelligible speech of foreigners.
3. Originally not entirely pejorative, its sense darkened after the Persian wars. The Romans (technically themselves barbaroi) took up the word and applied it to tribes or nations which had no Greek or Roman accomplishments.
4. barbar- + -ism.

1. the barbarism of war

战争的残酷

2. We do not ask for the death penalty: barbarism must not be met with barbarism.

我们不赞成死刑：不能以暴制暴。

3. The constitution also corresponds to the upper stage of barbarism.

他们的制度也是跟野蛮时代高级阶段相适应的.

4. Barbarism ends with the production of grand barbarians.

野蛮阶段随着伟大的野蛮人的成果而结束.

5. All the vigorous and creative life which the Germans infused into the Roman world was barbarism.

凡德意志人给罗马世界注入的一切有生命力的和带来生命的东西,都是野蛮时代的东西.